Cross-platform app framework privacy ratings

Frameworks for building desktop and mobile apps from one codebase. Their tooling and SDKs can add telemetry to every app built with them.

29 cross-platform app frameworks are rated against 4 public criteria, and 29 have enough evidence for a letter grade. Our pick is Tauri. Of the 18 with a known jurisdiction, 13 are based in a Five Eyes country, and 15 in the wider Fourteen Eyes.

Open-source cross-platform app frameworks only · Criteria for this category · Suggest an addition · Markdown

Cross-platform app frameworks privacy ratings, sorted by pick and then by grade
Name	Grade	Score	Data	Jurisdiction	Open source	No trackers or telemetry	No ads or data sales	Independent audit
Tauri Our pick Framework for building desktop and mobile applications with a web frontend and a Rust backend, using the operating system's webview.	Grade B	85	100%	Netherlands Nine Eyes	Yes	Partial	Yes	Yes
Apache Cordova Apache Software Foundation framework for building mobile apps with HTML, CSS and JavaScript, packaged in a native webview with plugins for device APIs.	Grade B	80	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
BeeWare Collection of Python tools for building native apps, including the Toga GUI toolkit that uses each platform's native widgets and the Briefcase packaging tool.	Grade B	80	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
GTK Toolkit for building graphical user interfaces, written in C with bindings for many languages. It is developed by the GNOME project.	Grade B	80	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Iced Cross-platform GUI library for Rust based on the Elm architecture, focused on simplicity and type safety.	Grade B	80	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Kivy Python framework for cross-platform apps with multi-touch support, drawing its own GPU-accelerated widgets and using the KV design language.	Grade B	80	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
NativeScript Framework for building native Android and iOS apps with JavaScript or TypeScript, giving direct access to native platform APIs, usable with Angular, Vue, React, Svelte or Solid.	Grade B	80	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Wails Framework for building desktop apps with Go and web technologies, using the operating system's native webview for the frontend.	Grade B	80	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Slint UI toolkit for building native user interfaces with a declarative markup language, with APIs for Rust, C++, JavaScript and Python, for desktop, mobile and embedded devices.	Grade C	65	100%	Germany Fourteen Eyes	Yes	Partial	Yes	No
.NET MAUI Microsoft's cross-platform UI framework for building native Android, iOS, macOS and Windows apps from a single C# and XAML codebase.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Avalonia UI Cross-platform UI framework for .NET that draws its own controls with XAML and C#, targeting Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS and WebAssembly.	Grade D	50	100%	Estonia Outside Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Capacitor Cross-platform native runtime for running web apps on Android and iOS and as progressive web apps, with a plugin API for native device features.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Electrobun Framework for building desktop apps in TypeScript, with a native layer written in Zig, Objective-C and C++, compact bundles and built-in differential updates.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
Electron Framework for building cross-platform desktop applications with JavaScript, HTML and CSS by bundling Chromium and Node.js.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Expo Framework and tooling built on React Native for building Android, iOS and web apps, with a CLI, SDK modules, file-based routing and optional cloud build services.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Flutter Google's UI toolkit for building natively compiled mobile, web and desktop apps from one Dart codebase, drawing its own widgets with its rendering engine.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Framework7 HTML and JavaScript framework for building mobile, desktop and web apps with an iOS and Material Design look, usable with Vue, React or Svelte.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
Fyne GUI toolkit for Go that builds desktop, mobile and web apps from a single codebase.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
Ionic UI toolkit of web components for building mobile, desktop and progressive web apps with HTML, CSS and JavaScript, usable with Angular, React or Vue.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Jetpack Compose Google's declarative UI toolkit for Android apps, written in Kotlin, where interfaces are built from composable functions.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Kotlin Multiplatform JetBrains technology for sharing Kotlin code across Android, iOS, desktop, web and server, with Compose Multiplatform for shared user interfaces.	Grade D	50	100%	Czechia Outside Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Lynx Cross-platform framework for building native mobile and web interfaces with web technologies such as CSS and React, using a multi-threaded rendering engine.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
NW.js Runtime that combines Chromium and Node.js for building desktop apps with HTML and JavaScript, with Node.js modules callable from the DOM.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
Quasar Vue.js-based framework for building web, mobile and desktop apps from one codebase, with a Material component library and a CLI.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	No	Yes	No
React Native Framework from Meta for building native Android and iOS apps with React and JavaScript or TypeScript, rendering platform-native UI components.	Grade D	50	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Uno Platform Cross-platform UI framework for .NET that runs C# and XAML apps on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS and WebAssembly, using WinUI APIs.	Grade D	50	100%	Canada Five Eyes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Neutralinojs Lightweight framework for building desktop apps with JavaScript, HTML and CSS, using the operating system's webview and a small native server instead of a bundled browser.	Grade D	40	100%	–	Yes	No	Partial	No
Qt Cross-platform C++ application framework with the Qt Widgets and Qt Quick/QML user interface toolkits, for desktop, mobile and embedded devices.	Grade F	35	100%	Finland Outside Eyes	Partial	No	Yes	No
SwiftUI Apple's declarative UI framework for building apps in Swift across iOS, iPadOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS and visionOS.	Grade F	35	100%	United States Five Eyes	No	Partial	Yes	No

Questions

What is the most private option among cross-platform app frameworks?

Our pick is Tauri. Small, fast apps for desktop and mobile from one web codebase, using the system web view instead of a bundled browser. A Rust core with a permission system, no telemetry, and a public independent audit. Pairs well with Svelte and TypeScript, as in the Forward Email apps (github.com/forwardemail/mail.forwardemail.net), which ship to Windows, macOS, Linux, Android and iOS from one Tauri, Svelte and TypeScript codebase.

How are cross-platform app frameworks rated?

Each entry answers 4 questions: open source, no trackers or telemetry, no ads or data sales and independent audit. Answers need links to evidence. See the full criteria.

Does jurisdiction matter?

Jurisdiction decides which laws can compel a provider to hand over data. Each entry shows its country and whether it is in the Five, Nine or Fourteen Eyes. The data a provider can hand over depends mostly on what it stores and who holds the keys. Read about jurisdictions and the CLOUD Act.