Browser privacy ratings

Web browsers for desktop and mobile.

32 browsers are rated against 8 public criteria, and 32 have enough evidence for a letter grade. Our picks are Mullvad Browser or Ungoogled Chromium. Of the 19 with a known jurisdiction, 12 are based in a Five Eyes country, and 17 in the wider Fourteen Eyes.

Open-source browsers only · Criteria for this category · Suggest an addition · Markdown

Browsers privacy ratings, sorted by pick and then by grade
Name	Grade	Score	Data	Jurisdiction	Open source	No trackers or telemetry	No ads or data sales	Independent audit	Blocks trackers by default	Fingerprinting protection	No calls to big-tech services	Timely security updates
Mullvad Browser Our pick Firefox-based browser developed by the Tor Project and Mullvad for use without the Tor network. Uses Tor Browser's anti-fingerprinting defenses, has no telemetry and includes uBlock Origin.	Grade A	90	100%	Sweden Fourteen Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ungoogled Chromium Our pick Chromium with all Google web services, background requests and Google-specific code removed, while keeping the familiar Chromium experience.	Grade C	63	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Partial	Yes	Partial
Tor Browser Firefox-based browser that routes traffic through the Tor network to hide the user's IP address and location. Isolates each site and makes users look alike to resist tracking and fingerprinting.	Grade A	93	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial	Yes	Yes	Yes
Helium Chromium-based desktop browser from imput built on ungoogled-chromium, with uBlock Origin built in, Google services removed and no telemetry.	Grade A	90	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Vanadium Hardened Chromium-based browser and system WebView from GrapheneOS, with JIT disabled by default, built-in content filtering and remote services removed. Only available on GrapheneOS.	Grade A	90	100%	Canada Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
IronFox Firefox-based browser for Android, a fork of Mull, with telemetry removed, uBlock Origin preinstalled, Strict tracking protection and hardened privacy settings.	Grade B	85	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Partial	Yes
WaterFox Firefox-based browser with telemetry, studies and sponsored content removed, and a built-in ad and tracker blocker. Available for desktop and Android.	Grade B	85	100%	United Kingdom Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Partial	Yes	Yes
IceCat GNU's build of Firefox ESR containing only free software. Removes non-free components such as DRM and bundles LibreJS and JShelter to restrict JavaScript and fingerprinting.	Grade B	83	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial
LibreWolf Independent fork of Firefox with telemetry removed, uBlock Origin included and Resist Fingerprinting enabled by default.	Grade B	83	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial
Cromite Chromium fork and successor of Bromite for Android, Windows and Linux. Adds built-in ad blocking, removes Google service integrations and adds fingerprinting mitigations.	Grade B	75	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Brave Browser Chromium-based browser with built-in ad, tracker and fingerprinting protection through Brave Shields.	Grade C	73	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Partial	Partial	No	Yes	Yes	Partial	Yes
Zen Browser Firefox-based desktop browser with vertical tabs, workspaces, split view and a compact interface. Mozilla telemetry is removed.	Grade C	73	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Partial	Partial	Partial	Yes
DuckDuckGo Browser Browser from DuckDuckGo that uses the system web engine, blocks third-party trackers, and includes a one-tap Fire Button for clearing data, email protection and DuckDuckGo search by default.	Grade C	70	100%	United States Five Eyes	Partial	Partial	Partial	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
GNOME Web Web browser for the GNOME desktop, also called Epiphany, built on WebKitGTK, with ad blocking and Intelligent Tracking Prevention on by default.	Grade C	68	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Partial	Partial
Orion Browser WebKit-based browser from Kagi for macOS and iOS that blocks ads and trackers by default, has no telemetry, and supports many Chrome and Firefox extensions.	Grade C	65	100%	United States Five Eyes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
qutebrowser Keyboard-driven browser with a minimal interface and Vim-style key bindings, built on Python and QtWebEngine.	Grade C	65	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Safari Apple's browser for macOS and iOS, built on the open-source WebKit engine.	Grade C	63	100%	United States Five Eyes	Partial	Partial	Yes	No	Partial	Yes	Partial	Yes
Ladybird Independent web browser with a new engine written from scratch, developed by a US non-profit. Still in development with no stable release; it can be built from source on Linux and macOS.	Grade D	59	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Not applicable
Falkon KDE web browser built on QtWebEngine, with a built-in ad blocker, session management, and integration with the Plasma desktop.	Grade D	57	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Partial	No	Yes	No
Fennec F-Droid Build of Firefox for Android published by F-Droid, with proprietary components and telemetry removed. It still connects to some Mozilla services.	Grade D	57	100%	–	Yes	Partial	Yes	No	Partial	Partial	Partial	Partial
Firefox Focus Browser from Mozilla for Android and iOS that blocks trackers by default and erases history, cookies and passwords with one tap. Sold as Firefox Klar in some countries.	Grade D	55	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	Partial	No	Yes	No	Partial	Yes
Basilisk Browser Desktop browser built on the Unified XUL Platform (UXP) and Goanna engine, a fork of Mozilla's older code base. Keeps support for NPAPI plugins and XUL extensions.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
PaleMoon Independent desktop browser built on the Unified XUL Platform (UXP) and Goanna engine, forked from older Mozilla code. Collects no telemetry and supports legacy XUL extensions.	Grade D	50	100%	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Firefox Mozilla's open-source browser, built on its own Gecko engine rather than Chromium. Supports a wide range of extensions and extensive customization.	Grade D	48	100%	United States Five Eyes	Yes	No	No	No	Partial	Partial	Partial	Yes
Floorp Firefox-based browser from Japan with workspaces, split view, web panels, mouse gestures and a customizable interface. Mozilla telemetry is off by default.	Grade D	48	100%	Japan Outside Eyes	Yes	No	No	No	Partial	Partial	Partial	Yes
Iridium Chromium fork that disables or makes opt-in the transmission of queries, keywords and metrics to Google and other services. Distributed as source code tarballs only.	Grade D	45	100%	Germany Fourteen Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Partial	No
SeaMonkey Internet suite with a browser, mail and news client, IRC chat and HTML editor, continuing the Mozilla Application Suite. Built on an older Mozilla platform with backported fixes.	Grade D	45	100%	Germany Fourteen Eyes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Partial	No
Microsoft Edge Microsoft's browser, built on Chromium and bundled with Windows.	Grade F	30	100%	United States Five Eyes	Partial	No	No	No	Partial	No	No	Yes
Vivaldi Chromium-based browser from Vivaldi Technologies with a customizable interface, built-in mail, calendar and feed reader, and optional tracker and ad blocking.	Grade F	28	100%	Norway Nine Eyes	Partial	No	Partial	No	No	No	No	Yes
Google Chrome Google's browser, built on the open-source Chromium project.	Grade F	23	100%	United States Five Eyes	Partial	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Samsung Browser Chromium-based browser from Samsung, formerly called Samsung Internet, preinstalled on Galaxy phones and tablets and also available for Windows. Includes Smart anti-tracking, Secret mode and ad-blocker add-ons.	Grade F	8	100%	South Korea Outside Eyes	No	No	No	No	Partial	No	No	No
Opera Chromium-based browser from Opera with a built-in ad blocker, free VPN proxy, sidebar messengers and an AI assistant.	Grade F	5	100%	Norway Nine Eyes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Partial	No

Questions

What is the most private option among browsers?

Our picks are Mullvad Browser or Ungoogled Chromium. Tor Browser's protections without the Tor network: fingerprinting resistance that makes users look alike, uBlock Origin built in, no telemetry, and fast security updates. Built by the Tor Project and Mullvad, free, and works with any VPN. The speed and site compatibility of Chromium without the constant connections to Google. Pair it with uBlock Origin for tracker blocking.

How are browsers rated?

Each entry answers 8 questions: open source, no trackers or telemetry, no ads or data sales, independent audit, blocks trackers by default, fingerprinting protection, no calls to big-tech services and timely security updates. Answers need links to evidence. See the full criteria.

Does jurisdiction matter?

Jurisdiction decides which laws can compel a provider to hand over data. Each entry shows its country and whether it is in the Five, Nine or Fourteen Eyes. The data a provider can hand over depends mostly on what it stores and who holds the keys. Read about jurisdictions and the CLOUD Act.